Eriksons Life Stages Essay Example

Eriksons Life Stages Essay Example Eriksons Life Stages Essay Eriksons Life Stages Essay Throughout this course I have become familiar with psychological concepts and theories that occur during all stages of life. Even though I have not lived long enough to discuss many of the topics, I have just made it through adolescence. Because I do not remember many of my younger infancy and early childhood I feel that it would be best to discuss my adolescence while it is fresh in my mind. Turning eighteen is a big step in one’s life and there are many changes that take place during this time, in this paper I will analyze these stages in my life. Going through identity crisis during high school, identity achievement, moral reasoning, and social relationships are all concepts that I can relate to during my adolescent years. In the text Erikson states that the central crisis of adolescence is that of identity versus role confusion [Bruce, 2004], which every high school student can relate to when they enter this new stage of their life. Through my years of high school I was interested in many different activities with many different groups of friends. I had my friends in softball, in cheerleading, in choir, and in band. Because I was involved with many different groups of friends I was pulled in different directions. I was no longer a child anymore but a teenager and therefore becoming a â€Å"new person,† obtaining a new identity. Confusion about all the role choices that are thrown at you leads to identity crisis, which is a period in which an adolescent is confused about the lack of identity [Erikson, 1968]. I myself went through this more than once throughout my years of high school. Each year you lose friends and you make new friends, you lose interest in one activity or sport and become interested in another I went through a different identity crisis each year while all of these events occurred to me. All throughout high school I feel like I did not truly know who I was. It was when I had to start thinking about growing up and moving past high school to the â€Å"real world† did I truly have a sense of who I was, who I would become. I then reached identity achievement which is when an identity status has been achieved after going through the crisis [Erikson, 1968]. I reached this stage when I realized where I wanted to go to college and what my occupation would be. I felt like I was growing up and now had a purpose in life. Erikson and Marcia stated that the process of identity development could happen at different points in a teenager’s life. [Marcia, 1980] Throughout my life I have usually hung out with people that are older than me and therefore I reached identity achievement at a sooner time than other people my age. I layout all my plans for the future such as where I will finish school, what my occupation will be, that I want to get married, how many kids I want, and much more; while other kids my age are only worried about the right now. Because I had all these plans for my future and knew exactly where I was headed in life did I feel that I reached the stage of identity achievement sooner than many other adolescents my age. Also throughout my adolescent years I â€Å"tested† my parents to see what I could get away with. In Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in the preconventional stage of punishment and obedience orientation it states that the teenager decides what is right or wrong on the basis of what is punished. [Crain, 1985] Every teenager wants to have more freedom, a later curfew, and for their parents to just get off their back. In wanting these things teenagers will test their parents as I did in my teen years. For example, if my mom would tell me to be home at midnight I would be a little late the first time and if I got away with that then the next time I would be even later. I would continue this until I got in trouble for being late which then in turn I knew how far I could go before being punished each time. In the text from the textbook it is suggested that the bond between a teenager and a parent fades during adolescence but will soon return. This statement is true in my experiences with my parents. When I went through the stage of wanting to be on my own and I am grown up so I can make my own decisions is when the conflicts between me and my parents began. During this time I was not as close with my parents like I had been in the past and in a way it was saddening but I was a selfish teenager and did not care. Even though I still live with my parents they treat me more as an adult now like I wanted years ago, when in fact I was not an adult then. Now that I am older and more mature realizing that I love my parents more than anything and there is a happy medium while living at home and having my own freedoms without the conflicts. Now me and my parents relationship I feel is better than ever because I have become more mature and fell into my new role or identity in life. During adolescent years your friends are the most important and there is that one who you call your best friend that knows absolutely everything about you. Throughout high school you make new friends and lose old ones but no matter what happens I feel that each and every friendship is very important in a teen’s life. It is said that with girls they prefer to hang out with other girls who obtain the same relationship status. This may be true but the main reason why friendships end is because of boys but in the adolescent years if the friendship is stable enough this will not be a factor. I can relate to this on many different occasions where boys could have been the end of a great friendship but because of the maturity of our friendship it only made it that much stronger. While in high school you tend to hand out with a certain clique or group of people. My best friend to this day was someone who shared the same interests as me in high school and as we grew and moved into early adulthood we still shared the same values in life, remaining the best of friends. Now we move on to the topic of romantic relationships. Through the adolescent years teens go through relationships that fail but in turn help them development and learn from the mistakes they make. Many romantic relationships in fact do start from heterosexual friendships as opposed to just sexual relations. Throughout my adolescent years I always dated people who had started out as friends but then the thing you had to worry about was ruining the great friendship that you had between the two of you but because of the mature person I was becoming in my teen years I realized that it didn’t always ruin the friendship just because you dated. Even though the end of each relationship may be hard it is a great part of the adolescent development of teens. In conclusion, now have I not only become familiar to but can relate to many of the concepts and theories discussed throughout the course. I have been through and am able to analyze identity crisis, identity achievement, moral reasoning, and social relationships as discussed in the paragraphs above. Now entering early adulthood I can continue to apply the theories learned in this course to my life and see just exactly how my life compares to the text and research. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton. Enhancing the Spiritual Development of Adolescent Girls (2004) Retrieved November 26th, 2008, from: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_7/ai_n6121239/pg_1? tag=art Body;col1 W. C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136. Marcia, J. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed. ), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187). New York: Wiley.

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition Interference takes place when waves interact with each other, while diffraction takes place when a wave passes through an aperture. These interactions are governed by the principle of superposition. Interference, diffraction, and the principle of superposition are important concepts for understanding several applications of waves. Interference the Principle of Superposition When two waves interact, the principle of superposition says that the resulting wave function is the sum of the two individual wave functions. This phenomenon is generally described as interference. Consider a case where water is dripping into a tub of water. If theres a single drop hitting the water, it will create a circular wave of ripples across the water. If, however, you were to begin dripping water at another point, it would also begin making similar waves. At the points where those waves overlap, the resulting wave would be the sum of the two earlier waves. This holds only for situations where the wave function is linear, that is where it depends on x and t only to the first power. Some situations, such as nonlinear elastic behavior that doesnt obey Hookes Law, would not fit this situation, because it has a nonlinear wave equation. But for almost all waves that are dealt with in physics, this situation holds true. It might be obvious, but its probably good to also be clear on this principle involves waves of similar type. Obviously, waves of water will not interfere with electromagnetic waves. Even among similar types of waves, the effect is generally confined to waves of virtually (or exactly) the same wavelength. Most experiments in involving interference assure that the waves are identical in these respects. Constructive Destructive Interference The picture to the right shows two waves and, beneath them, how those two waves are combined to show interference. When the crests overlap, the superposition wave reaches a maximum height. This height is the sum of their amplitudes (or twice their amplitude, in the case where the initial waves have equal amplitude). The same happens when the troughs overlap, creating a resultant trough that is the sum of the negative amplitudes. This sort of interference is called constructive interference because it increases the overall amplitude. Another non-animated example can be seen by clicking on the picture and advancing to the second image. Alternately, when the crest of a wave overlaps with the trough of another wave, the waves cancel each other out to some degree. If the waves are symmetrical (i.e. the same wave function, but shifted by a phase or half-wavelength), they will cancel each other completely. This sort of interference is called destructive interference and can be viewed in the graphic to the right or by clicking on that image and advancing to another representation. In the earlier case of ripples in a tub of water, you would, therefore, see some points where the interference waves are larger than each of the individual waves, and some points where the waves cancel each other out. Diffraction A special case of interference is known as diffraction and takes place when a wave strikes the barrier of an aperture or edge. At the edge of the obstacle, a wave is cut off, and it creates interference effects with the remaining portion of the wavefronts. Since nearly all optical phenomena involve light passing through an aperture of some kind - be it an eye, a sensor, a telescope, or whatever - diffraction is taking place in almost all of them, although in most cases the effect is negligible. Diffraction typically creates a fuzzy edge, although in some cases (such as Youngs double-slit experiment, described below) diffraction can cause phenomena of interest in their own right. Consequences Applications Interference is an intriguing concept and has some consequences that are worth note, specifically in the area of light where such interference is relatively easy to observe. In Thomas Youngs double-slit experiment, for example, the interference patterns resulting from diffraction of the light wave make it so that you can shine a uniform light and break it into a series of light and dark bands just by sending it through two slits, which is certainly not what one would expect. Even more surprising is that performing this experiment with particles, such as electrons, results in similar wave-like properties. Any sort of wave exhibits this behavior, with the proper set-up. Perhaps the most fascinating application of interference is to create holograms. This is done by reflecting a coherent light source, such as a laser, off of an object onto a special film. The interference patterns created by the reflected light are what result in the holographic image, which can be viewed when it is again placed in the right sort of lighting.